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Indian law, explained simply and accurately.

Clear notes, landmark judgments, complete video courses and practice questions for LL.B., judiciary and law entrance students. Free to learn.

Try: Kesavananda Bharati Free consent Theft under B.N.S. Basic structure Res judicata

Study articles: 293study articles
Case explanations: 83case explanations
Complete courses: 16complete courses
Hours of lectures: 68hours of lectures
Practice MCQs: 925practice MCQs

Complete courses

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3h 56m

Transfer of Property Act, 1882

Transfer of Property Act, 1882 Complete Course

89 chapters Free video course

2h 53m

Corporate Insolvency Law

Corporate Insolvency Law Complete Course

100 chapters Free video course

5h 27m

B.N.S.S.

B.N.S.S. Complete Course

78 chapters Free video course

2h 41m

Gender and Law

Gender and Law Complete Course

27 chapters Free video course

8h 43m

Constitutional Law II

57 Landmark Constitutional Cases Complete Course

59 chapters Free video course

3h 9m

Alternative Dispute Resolution

ADR Complete Course

23 chapters Free video course

Law subjects

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Every subject brings together its notes, judgments, lectures and MCQs.

All 30 subjects

Constitutional Law I

Constitutionalism, Preamble, federalism, separation of powers, Union & State executive, Parliament, judiciary (appointments), Centre-State legislative relations, elections

2 articles 3 cases 6 videos

Constitutional Law II

Citizenship, "State" under Article 12, Fundamental Rights (Arts 14-32), amendability of the Constitution

4 articles 59 cases 11 videos

Administrative Law

Nature and scope, rule of law, separation of powers, delegated legislation, natural justice, administrative discretion and adjudication, judicial review, remedies, State liability, ombudsman.

37 articles 1 video

Human Rights Law

International and Indian human-rights framework (UDHR, covenants, PHRA 1993, NHRC). (No dedicated legacy content.)

1 article 1 video

Public International Law

Nature and sources of international law, State recognition/jurisdiction/responsibility/succession, treaties, individuals, extradition, ICJ and settlement of disputes.

42 articles 1 case 21 videos

B.N.S.

Substantive criminal law under the B.N.S., 2023: general principles, offences against the human body, property offences and landmark cases.

24 articles 28 videos

B.N.S.S.

Criminal procedure under the B.N.S.S., 2023: FIR, investigation, arrest, bail, trial and appeals, with landmark cases.

4 articles 1 video

B.S.A.

The law of evidence under the B.S.A., 2023: relevancy, admissions, confessions, documentary and electronic evidence, witnesses and burden of proof.

4 articles 1 video

Case law library

Landmark judgments, explained

Facts, issues, judgment and the principle you need to remember, in plain English.

Browse case laws

The Supreme Court held that freedom of speech and expression and the freedom to carry on a profession, trade or business through the internet are protected under Article 19(1)(a) and 19(1)(g), and can be restricted only within Article 19(2) and 19(6). It ruled that internet suspension can only be temporary, that restriction orders must be published, that Section 144 CrPC cannot be used to suppress legitimate dissent, and that all restrictions must pass the proportionality test. It is the leading case on digital rights and internet shutdowns in India.

Constitutional Law II

First Judges Case

Supreme Court of India · 1981

In S. P. Gupta v. Union of India (1981), a seven-judge bench of the Supreme Court held that 'consultation' with the judiciary in appointing judges does not mean 'concurrence'. Consultation is mandatory and must be full and effective, but the final decision rests with the President acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers. The case also widened locus standi, laying a foundation for public interest litigation, and linked the right to know to Article 19(1)(a). It was later overruled by the Second Judges Case of 1993.

Constitutional Law II

Pradeep Kumar Biswas

2002

A seven-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court held, by a majority of five to two, that the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (C.S.I.R.) is "State" under Article 12 because the government controls it deeply and pervasively in financial, functional and administrative matters. The Court overruled the earlier Sabhajit Tewary decision. The case gave the leading test for deciding when a body counts as "other authority" under Article 12, and the test looks at substance, not form.

Constitutional Law II

Ashok Kumar Thakur

Supreme Court of India · 2008

A five-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court upheld the Ninety-third Constitutional Amendment, which inserted Article 15(5), and the Central Educational Institutions Reservation in Admission Act, 2006, including 27% O.B.C. reservation in central institutions such as I.I.T.s, I.I.M.s and central universities. It held that the creamy layer must be excluded from O.B.C. reservation, but not from S.C./S.T. (as the law stood then). It also held that excluding minority institutions does not violate Article 14. The case is a key decision on balancing reservation in higher education with merit, equality and the basic structure.

Constitutional Law II

Case explanation videos

Daily legal question

One question a day keeps revision on track

Constitutional Law II Hard

According to the text, what did Justice R.F. Nariman hold in Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017) about laws made by the legislature?

Option A: A statute cannot be struck down merely because a court thinks it unreasonable or arbitrary
Option B: Legislation can be struck down for manifest arbitrariness
Option C: The rule against arbitrariness applies only to executive action and never to legislation
Option D: A law made before the Constitution enjoys a stronger presumption of constitutionality

See answer and explanation

Practice MCQs

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Constitutional Law I Constitutional Law II Administrative Law Human Rights Law Public International Law B.N.S. B.N.S.S. B.S.A. Law of Contract I (General Principles) Law of Contract II (Specific Contracts)

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Constitutional Law I Constitutional Law I Mock Test 1 20 questions 24 minutes Constitutional Law I Constitutional Law I Mock Test 2 20 questions 24 minutes Constitutional Law II Constitutional Law II Mock Test 1 20 questions 24 minutes Administrative Law Administrative Law Mock Test 1 20 questions 24 minutes Human Rights Law Human Rights Law Mock Test 1 20 questions 24 minutes Public International Law Public International Law Mock Test 1 20 questions 24 minutes

Articles

Recently published notes

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Labour Law II (Wages & Social Security) Complete notes

Labour Law II: Complete Notes

Meaning of Social Security ▶ Watch this part of the lecture (0:34) A worker may grow old, fall sick, get injured at work, lose the job or die, and a woman worker may have a baby; in each case the family income stops. Social security is the help society gives at such times so that the family does no…

101 min read 16 Oct 2026

Transfer of Property Act, 1882 Complete notes

Transfer of Property Act, 1882: Complete Notes

About this subject ▶ Watch this part of the lecture (0:00) The law of transfer of property is covered in twelve units, from the basic question of what property is to the special rules that apply when a person living outside India buys or sells property in India. Buying a flat, taking a home loan, r…

187 min read 16 Oct 2026

Public International Law Complete notes

Public International Law: Complete Notes

About this subject ▶ Watch this part of the lecture (00:00) Public International Law is studied in seven units: from how a law between nations was born to how a new State or government is accepted by other States. Rules made between States work quietly in daily life, when a parcel is sent abroad, a…

123 min read 16 Oct 2026

Jurisprudence Complete notes

Jurisprudence: Complete Notes

About this subject ▶ Watch this part of the lecture (0:00) Jurisprudence covers the whole range of legal theory, from the first question (why study this subject at all) to the latest debates on justice, gender and the Indian Constitution. Names like Kelsen, Hart and Dworkin, and words like Grundnor…

138 min read 16 Oct 2026

Human Rights Law Complete notes

Human Rights Law: Complete Notes

About this subject ▶ Watch this part of the lecture (00:00) Human Rights Law runs, across six units, from what makes a right a human right to newer issues such as artificial intelligence, corruption, business power, and the rights of transgender persons and prisoners. Human rights are engaged whene…

122 min read 16 Oct 2026

Gender and Law Complete notes

Gender and Law: Complete Notes

About this subject ▶ Watch this part of the lecture (0:00) Gender and Law is studied in six units, from what gender is and how the State has used it, to how stereotypes about women and men shape the reasoning of courts. Gender is not a subject only about women: it quietly decides who cooks at home…

101 min read 16 Oct 2026

Video lectures